14_Inceptionnet/README.md

---
layout: default
title: 14. InceptionNet
subtitle: Deep Learning
---
-----

[PINBlog Gitea Repository](https://gitea.pinblog.codes/CBNU/14_Inceptionnet)

-----

# InceptionNet
- 산업인공지능학과 대학원
    2022254026
        김홍열


---


# **InceptionNet이란?**

이미지 인식 및 분류 작업을 위해 Google에서 개발된 딥러닝 아키텍처이다. 
InceptionNet의 여러 버전 중 가장 널리 알려진 것은 Inception v1 (GoogLeNet), Inception v2, Inception v3, Inception v4 등이 있다.

# **Inception v1 (GoogLeNet)**

![inceptionnet](./images/googlenet.png)

* 개발 배경

기존의 깊은 신경망이 컴퓨팅 자원 문제와 과적합 문제를 겪는 것에 대한 해결책으로 개발되었다.

* 특징

'Inception 모듈'이라고 불리는 빌딩 블록을 사용한다. 

이 모듈은 서로 다른 크기의 컨볼루션 필터들(1x1, 3x3, 5x5)과 맥스 풀링을 병렬적으로 적용하고 결과를 결합한다. 

이렇게 함으로써 다양한 스케일의 특징을 효과적으로 학습할 수 있다.

* 성과

2014년 ILSVRC (ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge)에서 우승했다.

* 추가 정보

GoogLeNet이라는 이름은 LeNet에서 영감을 받았으며, 22개 층으로 구성되어 있다.

# **Inception v2**

![inceptionnet](./images/inceptionnetv2.png)

* 개선 사항

Inception v1의 아이디어를 확장하여, 2D 컨볼루션 연산을 더 효율적으로 수행하는 방법이 제안되었다.

큰 컨볼루션 필터(예: 5x5)를 여러 개의 작은 필터(예: 3x3)로 분해하여 연산 효율성을 개선했다.

* 추가 정보

배치 정규화(Batch Normalization)를 도입하여 내부 공변량 이동(Internal Covariate Shift) 문제를 해결하고 학습 속도를 개선했다.

# **Inception v3**

![inceptionnet](./images/inceptionnetv3.png)

* 개선 사항

더욱 정교한 Inception 모듈을 사용하고, 학습 과정을 안정화하는 방법을 도입했다. 

5x5 컨볼루션을 두 개의 3x3 컨볼루션으로 대체하고, RMSProp 옵티마이저, 라벨 스무딩, 배치 정규화 등을 사용하여 성능을 향상시켰다.

* 추가 정보

비대칭 컨볼루션(예: nx1 followed by 1xn)을 도입하여 파라미터 수를 줄이고 계산 효율성을 높였다.

# **Inception v4**

![inceptionnet](./images/inceptionnetv4.jpeg)

* 개발 배경

Inception 아키텍처와 ResNet 아키텍처의 아이디어를 결합했다.

* 특징

Inception-ResNet이라고도 불리며, Inception 모듈에 잔차 연결(Residual Connections)을 추가하여 네트워크를 더 깊게 만들면서도 학습을 안정화하였다.

* 추가 정보

Inception-ResNet-v2는 Inception v4와 함께 소개되었으며, 더 적은 파라미터로 유사하거나 더 나은 성능을 보여주었다.

InceptionNet은 다양한 크기의 컨볼루션 필터와 풀링 레이어를 병렬로 적용함으로써 이미지의 다양한 특징을 효과적으로 추출할 수 있으며, 
네트워크가 깊어짐에 따라 발생할 수 있는 과적합 문제와 학습의 어려움을 극복하기 위한 여러 기술을 적용한다.

결론적으로, InceptionNet 시리즈는 컴퓨터 비전 분야에서 중요한 발전을 이루었으며, 효율적인 네트워크 설계와 성능 향상을 위한 다양한 기법을 소개했다.


---

### 예제 코드[¶]()

<details>
<summary>Import</summary>
<div markdown="1">
  
```python

# import package

# model
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
from torchsummary import summary
from torch import optim

# dataset and transformation
from torchvision import datasets
import torchvision.transforms as transforms
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
import os

# display images
from torchvision import utils
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline

# utils
import numpy as np
from torchsummary import summary
import time
import copy


```

</div>
</details>


---

# **데이터셋(STL10)**

데이터셋은 torchvision 패키지에서 제공하는 STL10 dataset을 사용한다. 

STL10 dataset은 10개의 label을 갖으며 train dataset 5000개, test dataset 8000개로 구성된다.
     

### 예제 코드[¶]()

<details>
<summary>STL10 dataset</summary>
<div markdown="1">
      

```python

# specift the data path
path2data = './dataset'

# if not exists the path, make the directory
if not os.path.exists(path2data):
    os.mkdir(path2data)

# load dataset
train_ds = datasets.STL10(path2data, split='train', download=True, transform=transforms.ToTensor())
val_ds = datasets.STL10(path2data, split='test', download=True, transform=transforms.ToTensor())

print(len(train_ds))
print(len(val_ds))


```

![dataset](./images/dataset.png)

</div>
</details>

---

<details>
<summary>DataLoader & TransFormation</summary>
<div markdown="1">

```python

# define image transformation
transformation = transforms.Compose([
                    transforms.ToTensor(),
                    transforms.Resize(299)
])

train_ds.transform = transformation
val_ds.transform = transformation

# create dataloader
train_dl = DataLoader(train_ds, batch_size=8, shuffle=True)
val_dl = DataLoader(val_ds, batch_size=8, shuffle=True)


```

</div>
</details>

<details>
<summary>Test</summary>
<div markdown="1">

```python

# display sample images
def show(img, y=None, color=True): 
    npimg = img.numpy()
    npimg_tr = np.transpose(npimg, (1, 2, 0))
    plt.imshow(npimg_tr)

    if y is not None:
        plt.title('labels:' + str(y))

np.random.seed(0)
torch.manual_seed(0)

grid_size = 4
rnd_ind = np.random.randint(0, len(train_ds), grid_size)

x_grid = [train_ds[i][0] for i in rnd_ind]
y_grid = [train_ds[i][1] for i in rnd_ind]

plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
x_grid = utils.make_grid(x_grid, nrow=4, padding=2)
show(x_grid, y_grid)


```

![output](./images/output1.png)

</div>
</details>

---

# Model Network (Inception-ResNet-v2)

Inception-ResNet-v2는 Inception-v4에 residual block을 사용하는 모델이다.

[참고](https://github.com/weiaicunzai/pytorch-cifar100/blob/master/models/inceptionv4.py)

### 예제 코드[¶]()

<details>
<summary>Model Network</summary>
<div markdown="1">
  
```python

class BasicConv2d(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, **kwargs):
        super().__init__()

        # bias=Fasle, because BN after conv includes bias.
        self.conv = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, bias=False, **kwargs),
            nn.BatchNorm2d(out_channels),
            nn.ReLU()
        )

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.conv(x)
        return x


class Stem(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        self.conv1 = nn.Sequential(
            BasicConv2d(3, 32, 3, stride=2, padding=0), # 149 x 149 x 32
            BasicConv2d(32, 32, 3, stride=1, padding=0), # 147 x 147 x 32
            BasicConv2d(32, 64, 3, stride=1, padding=1), # 147 x 147 x 64 
        )

        self.branch3x3_conv = BasicConv2d(64, 96, 3, stride=2, padding=0) # 73x73x96

        #  kernel_size=4: 피쳐맵 크기 73, kernel_size=3: 피쳐맵 크기 74
        self.branch3x3_pool = nn.MaxPool2d(4, stride=2, padding=1) # 73x73x64

        self.branch7x7a = nn.Sequential(
            BasicConv2d(160, 64, 1, stride=1, padding=0),
            BasicConv2d(64, 96, 3, stride=1, padding=0)
        ) # 71x71x96

        self.branch7x7b = nn.Sequential(
            BasicConv2d(160, 64, 1, stride=1, padding=0),
            BasicConv2d(64, 64, (7,1), stride=1, padding=(3,0)),
            BasicConv2d(64, 64, (1,7), stride=1, padding=(0,3)),
            BasicConv2d(64, 96, 3, stride=1, padding=0)
        ) # 71x71x96

        self.branchpoola = BasicConv2d(192, 192, 3, stride=2, padding=0) # 35x35x192

        #  kernel_size=4: 피쳐맵 크기 73, kernel_size=3: 피쳐맵 크기 74
        self.branchpoolb = nn.MaxPool2d(4, 2, 1) # 35x35x192


    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.conv1(x)
        x = torch.cat((self.branch3x3_conv(x), self.branch3x3_pool(x)), dim=1)
        x = torch.cat((self.branch7x7a(x), self.branch7x7b(x)), dim=1)
        x = torch.cat((self.branchpoola(x), self.branchpoolb(x)), dim=1)
        return x


class Inception_Resnet_A(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, in_channels):
        super().__init__()

        self.branch1x1 = BasicConv2d(in_channels, 32, 1, stride=1, padding=0)

        self.branch3x3 = nn.Sequential(
            BasicConv2d(in_channels, 32, 1, stride=1, padding=0),
            BasicConv2d(32, 32, 3, stride=1, padding=1)
        )

        self.branch3x3stack = nn.Sequential(
            BasicConv2d(in_channels, 32, 1, stride=1, padding=0),
            BasicConv2d(32, 48, 3, stride=1, padding=1),
            BasicConv2d(48, 64, 3, stride=1, padding=1)
        )
        
        self.reduction1x1 = nn.Conv2d(128, 384, 1, stride=1, padding=0)
        self.shortcut = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, 384, 1, stride=1, padding=0)
        self.bn = nn.BatchNorm2d(384)
        self.relu = nn.ReLU()

    def forward(self, x):
        x_shortcut = self.shortcut(x)
        x = torch.cat((self.branch1x1(x), self.branch3x3(x), self.branch3x3stack(x)), dim=1)
        x = self.reduction1x1(x)
        x = self.bn(x_shortcut + x)
        x = self.relu(x)
        return x


class Inception_Resnet_B(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, in_channels):
        super().__init__()

        self.branch1x1 = BasicConv2d(in_channels, 192, 1, stride=1, padding=0)
        self.branch7x7 = nn.Sequential(
            BasicConv2d(in_channels, 128, 1, stride=1, padding=0),
            BasicConv2d(128, 160, (1,7), stride=1, padding=(0,3)),
            BasicConv2d(160, 192, (7,1), stride=1, padding=(3,0))
        )

        self.reduction1x1 = nn.Conv2d(384, 1152, 1, stride=1, padding=0)
        self.shortcut = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, 1152, 1, stride=1, padding=0)
        self.bn = nn.BatchNorm2d(1152)
        self.relu = nn.ReLU()

    def forward(self, x):
        x_shortcut = self.shortcut(x)
        x = torch.cat((self.branch1x1(x), self.branch7x7(x)), dim=1)
        x = self.reduction1x1(x) * 0.1
        x = self.bn(x + x_shortcut)
        x = self.relu(x)
        return x


class Inception_Resnet_C(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, in_channels):
        super().__init__()

        self.branch1x1 = BasicConv2d(in_channels, 192, 1, stride=1, padding=0)
        self.branch3x3 = nn.Sequential(
            BasicConv2d(in_channels, 192, 1, stride=1, padding=0),
            BasicConv2d(192, 224, (1,3), stride=1, padding=(0,1)),
            BasicConv2d(224, 256, (3,1), stride=1, padding=(1,0))
        )

        self.reduction1x1 = nn.Conv2d(448, 2144, 1, stride=1, padding=0)
        self.shortcut = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, 2144, 1, stride=1, padding=0) # 2144
        self.bn = nn.BatchNorm2d(2144)
        self.relu = nn.ReLU()

    def forward(self, x):
        x_shortcut = self.shortcut(x)
        x = torch.cat((self.branch1x1(x), self.branch3x3(x)), dim=1)
        x = self.reduction1x1(x) * 0.1
        x = self.bn(x_shortcut + x)
        x = self.relu(x)
        return x

    
class ReductionA(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, in_channels, k, l, m, n):
        super().__init__()

        self.branchpool = nn.MaxPool2d(3, 2)
        self.branch3x3 = BasicConv2d(in_channels, n, 3, stride=2, padding=0)
        self.branch3x3stack = nn.Sequential(
            BasicConv2d(in_channels, k, 1, stride=1, padding=0),
            BasicConv2d(k, l, 3, stride=1, padding=1),
            BasicConv2d(l, m, 3, stride=2, padding=0)
        )

        self.output_channels = in_channels + n + m

    def forward(self, x):
        x = torch.cat((self.branchpool(x), self.branch3x3(x), self.branch3x3stack(x)), dim=1)
        return x


class ReductionB(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, in_channels):
        super().__init__()

        self.branchpool = nn.MaxPool2d(3, 2)
        self.branch3x3a = nn.Sequential(
            BasicConv2d(in_channels, 256, 1, stride=1, padding=0),
            BasicConv2d(256, 384, 3, stride=2, padding=0)
        )
        self.branch3x3b = nn.Sequential(
            BasicConv2d(in_channels, 256, 1, stride=1, padding=0),
            BasicConv2d(256, 288, 3, stride=2, padding=0)
        )
        self.branch3x3stack = nn.Sequential(
            BasicConv2d(in_channels, 256, 1, stride=1, padding=0),
            BasicConv2d(256, 288, 3, stride=1, padding=1),
            BasicConv2d(288, 320, 3, stride=2, padding=0)
        )

    def forward(self, x):
        x = torch.cat((self.branchpool(x), self.branch3x3a(x), self.branch3x3b(x), self.branch3x3stack(x)), dim=1)
        return x


class InceptionResNetV2(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, A, B, C, k=256, l=256, m=384, n=384, num_classes=10, init_weights=True):
        super().__init__()
        blocks = []
        blocks.append(Stem())
        for i in range(A):
            blocks.append(Inception_Resnet_A(384))
        blocks.append(ReductionA(384, k, l, m, n))
        for i in range(B):
            blocks.append(Inception_Resnet_B(1152))
        blocks.append(ReductionB(1152))
        for i in range(C):
            blocks.append(Inception_Resnet_C(2144))

        self.features = nn.Sequential(*blocks)

        self.avgpool = nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d((1,1))
        # drop out
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout2d(0.2)
        self.linear = nn.Linear(2144, num_classes)

        # weights inittialization
        if init_weights:
            self._initialize_weights()

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.features(x)
        x = self.avgpool(x)
        x = x.view(x.size(0), -1)
        x = self.dropout(x)
        x = self.linear(x)
        return x

    # define weight initialization function
    def _initialize_weights(self):
        for m in self.modules():
            if isinstance(m, nn.Conv2d):
                nn.init.kaiming_normal_(m.weight, mode='fan_out', nonlinearity='relu')
                if m.bias is not None:
                    nn.init.constant_(m.bias, 0)
            elif isinstance(m, nn.BatchNorm2d):
                nn.init.constant_(m.weight, 1)
                nn.init.constant_(m.bias, 0)
            elif isinstance(m, nn.Linear):
                nn.init.normal_(m.weight, 0, 0.01)
                nn.init.constant_(m.bias, 0)


```

</div>
</details>

<details>
<summary>Check</summary>
<div markdown="1">

```python

# check Stem
device = torch.device('cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu')
x = torch.randn((3, 3, 299, 299)).to(device)
model = Stem().to(device)
output_Stem = model(x)
print('Input size:', x.size())
print('Stem output size:', output_Stem.size())

# check Inception_Resnet_A
model = Inception_Resnet_A(output_Stem.size()[1]).to(device)
output_resA = model(output_Stem)
print('Input size:', output_Stem.size())
print('output size:', output_resA.size())

# check ReductionA
print('input size:', output_resA.size())
model = ReductionA(output_resA.size()[1], 256, 256, 384, 384).to(device)
output_rA = model(output_resA)
print('output size:', output_rA.size())

# check Inception_Resnet_B
model = Inception_Resnet_B(output_rA.size()[1]).to(device)
output_resB = model(output_rA)
print('Input size:', output_rA.size())
print('output size:', output_resB.size())

# check ReductionB
model = ReductionB(output_resB.size()[1]).to(device)
output_rB = model(output_resB)
print('Input size:', output_resB.size())
print('output size:', output_rB.size())

# check Inception_Resnet_C
model = Inception_Resnet_C(output_rB.size()[1]).to(device)
output_resC = model(output_rB)
print('Input size:', output_rB.size())
print('output size:', output_resC.size())


```

</div>
</details>

<details>
<summary>Create Model</summary>
<div markdown="1">

```python

# create InceptionResNetV2
model = InceptionResNetV2(10, 20, 10).to(device)
summary(model, (3, 299, 299), device=device.type)


```


``` plaintext

----------------------------------------------------------------
        Layer (type)               Output Shape         Param #
================================================================
            Conv2d-1         [-1, 32, 149, 149]             864
       BatchNorm2d-2         [-1, 32, 149, 149]              64
              ReLU-3         [-1, 32, 149, 149]               0
       BasicConv2d-4         [-1, 32, 149, 149]               0
            Conv2d-5         [-1, 32, 147, 147]           9,216
       BatchNorm2d-6         [-1, 32, 147, 147]              64
              ReLU-7         [-1, 32, 147, 147]               0
       BasicConv2d-8         [-1, 32, 147, 147]               0
            Conv2d-9         [-1, 64, 147, 147]          18,432
      BatchNorm2d-10         [-1, 64, 147, 147]             128
             ReLU-11         [-1, 64, 147, 147]               0
      BasicConv2d-12         [-1, 64, 147, 147]               0
           Conv2d-13           [-1, 96, 73, 73]          55,296
      BatchNorm2d-14           [-1, 96, 73, 73]             192
             ReLU-15           [-1, 96, 73, 73]               0
      BasicConv2d-16           [-1, 96, 73, 73]               0
        MaxPool2d-17           [-1, 64, 73, 73]               0
           Conv2d-18           [-1, 64, 73, 73]          10,240
      BatchNorm2d-19           [-1, 64, 73, 73]             128
             ReLU-20           [-1, 64, 73, 73]               0
      BasicConv2d-21           [-1, 64, 73, 73]               0
           Conv2d-22           [-1, 96, 71, 71]          55,296
...
Forward/backward pass size (MB): 940.05
Params size (MB): 485.57
Estimated Total Size (MB): 1426.65


```


</div>
</details>

---

# Train

<details>
<summary>Train Function</summary>
<div markdown="1">

```python

# define loss function and optimizer
loss_func = nn.CrossEntropyLoss(reduction='sum')
opt = optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=0.001)

from torch.optim.lr_scheduler import ReduceLROnPlateau
lr_scheduler = ReduceLROnPlateau(opt, mode='min', factor=0.1, patience=10)

# function to get current learning rate
def get_lr(opt):
    for param_group in opt.param_groups:
        return param_group['lr']

# function to calculate metric per mini-batch
def metric_batch(output, target):
    pred = output.argmax(1, keepdim=True)
    corrects = pred.eq(target.view_as(pred)).sum().item()
    return corrects

# function to calculate loss per mini-batch
def loss_batch(loss_func, output, target, opt=None):
    loss_b = loss_func(output, target)
    metric_b = metric_batch(output, target)

    if opt is not None:
        opt.zero_grad()
        loss_b.backward()
        opt.step()

    return loss_b.item(), metric_b

# function to calculate loss per epoch
def loss_epoch(model, loss_func, dataset_dl, sanity_check=False, opt=None):
    running_loss = 0.0
    running_metric = 0.0
    len_data = len(dataset_dl.dataset)

    for xb, yb in dataset_dl:
        xb = xb.to(device)
        yb = yb.to(device)
        output = model(xb)

        loss_b, metric_b = loss_batch(loss_func, output, yb, opt)

        running_loss += loss_b

        if metric_b is not None:
            running_metric += metric_b

        if sanity_check is True:
            break

    loss = running_loss / len_data
    metric = running_metric / len_data

    return loss, metric

# function to start training
def train_val(model, params):
    num_epochs=params['num_epochs']
    loss_func=params["loss_func"]
    opt=params["optimizer"]
    train_dl=params["train_dl"]
    val_dl=params["val_dl"]
    sanity_check=params["sanity_check"]
    lr_scheduler=params["lr_scheduler"]
    path2weights=params["path2weights"]

    loss_history = {'train': [], 'val': []}
    metric_history = {'train': [], 'val': []}

    best_loss = float('inf')

    start_time = time.time()

    for epoch in range(num_epochs):
        current_lr = get_lr(opt)
        print('Epoch {}/{}, current lr={}'.format(epoch, num_epochs-1, current_lr))

        model.train()
        train_loss, train_metric = loss_epoch(model, loss_func, train_dl, sanity_check, opt)
        loss_history['train'].append(train_loss)
        metric_history['train'].append(train_metric)

        model.eval()
        with torch.no_grad():
            val_loss, val_metric = loss_epoch(model, loss_func, val_dl, sanity_check)
        loss_history['val'].append(val_loss)
        metric_history['val'].append(val_metric)

        if val_loss < best_loss:
            best_loss = val_loss
            print('Get best val_loss!')

        lr_scheduler.step(val_loss)

        print('train loss: %.6f, val loss: %.6f, accuracy: %.2f, time: %.4f min' %(train_loss, val_loss, 100*val_metric, (time.time()-start_time)/60))
        print('-'*10)

    return model, loss_history, metric_history

```

</div>
</details>

<details>
<summary>Hyper Parameters</summary>
<div markdown="1">

```python

# definc the training parameters
params_train = {
    'num_epochs':5,
    'optimizer':opt,
    'loss_func':loss_func,
    'train_dl':train_dl,
    'val_dl':val_dl,
    'sanity_check':False,
    'lr_scheduler':lr_scheduler,
    'path2weights':'./models/weights.pt',
}

# create the directory that stores weights.pt
def createFolder(directory):
    try:
        if not os.path.exists(directory):
            os.makedirs(directory)
    except OSerror:
        print('Error')
createFolder('./models')


```

</div>
</details>

<details>
<summary>Train</summary>
<div markdown="1">

```python

model, loss_hist, metric_hist = train_val(model, params_train)


```


``` plaintext

Epoch 0/4, current lr=0.001
Get best val_loss!
train loss: 2.306605, val loss: 2.231432, accuracy: 15.30, time: 5.8292 min
----------
Epoch 1/4, current lr=0.001
train loss: 2.189562, val loss: 2.556953, accuracy: 13.54, time: 11.6434 min
----------
Epoch 2/4, current lr=0.001
train loss: 2.219446, val loss: 3.126347, accuracy: 12.56, time: 17.9946 min
----------
Epoch 3/4, current lr=0.001
train loss: 2.309346, val loss: 2.388916, accuracy: 10.78, time: 23.9601 min
----------
Epoch 4/4, current lr=0.001
train loss: 2.317668, val loss: 2.364337, accuracy: 10.96, time: 29.7933 min
----------


```

</div>
</details>

</div>
</details>

<details>
<summary>Result</summary>
<div markdown="1">


<details>
<summary>Loss & Accuracy Graph</summary>
<div markdown="1">

```python

# Train-Validation Progress
num_epochs=params_train["num_epochs"]

# plot loss progress
plt.title("Train-Val Loss")
plt.plot(range(1,num_epochs+1),loss_hist["train"],label="train")
plt.plot(range(1,num_epochs+1),loss_hist["val"],label="val")
plt.ylabel("Loss")
plt.xlabel("Training Epochs")
plt.legend()
plt.show()

# plot accuracy progress
plt.title("Train-Val Accuracy")
plt.plot(range(1,num_epochs+1),metric_hist["train"],label="train")
plt.plot(range(1,num_epochs+1),metric_hist["val"],label="val")
plt.ylabel("Accuracy")
plt.xlabel("Training Epochs")
plt.legend()
plt.show()


```

![output](./images/output2.png)
![output](./images/output3.png)


</div>
</details>

<details>
<summary>Visualize</summary>
<div markdown="1">

```python

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

model.eval()

result_images = []
result_preds = []
result_labels = []

with torch.no_grad():
    for i, (images, labels) in enumerate(val_dl):
        images = images.to(device)
        labels = labels.to(device)

        outputs = model(images)
        _, preds = torch.max(outputs, 1)

        result_images.extend(images.cpu().numpy())
        result_preds.extend(preds.cpu().numpy())
        result_labels.extend(labels.cpu().numpy())

        if i == 2:  # 3번째 배치까지만 시각화
            break

# 결과 시각화
plt.figure(figsize=(16, 8))
for i in range(16):
    plt.subplot(4, 4, i+1)
    img = result_images[i].transpose((1, 2, 0))
    img = (img - img.min()) / (img.max() - img.min())
    plt.imshow(img)
    plt.title(f'Label: {result_labels[i]}, Predict: {result_preds[i]}')
    plt.axis('off')
plt.show()


```

![output](./images/output4.png)

</div>
</details>

</div>
</details>


---

### 참고[¶]()

- GAN - Google
- ChatGPT
- [GitHub](https://github.com/Seonghoon-Yu/AI_Paper_Review/blob/master/Classification/Inceptionv4(2016).ipynb)